Protocol Development for a Qualitative Methodological Study Within a Trial (Qual-SWAT): The KARMA-Dep-2 Trial

Background

Despite the increasing improvement and availability of treatments for major depression, prevalence has not decreased concordantly, and depression remains a public health concern (i.e., treatment-prevalence paradox; Ormel et al., 2022). Debate persists about the ontology of depression and its measurement (Fried et al., 2022; McPherson & Armstrong, 2022), the types of outcome domains assessed in clinical trials and treatment (Chevance et al., 2020; Cuijpers, 2019; Krause et al., 2023), and the comparative effectiveness of different treatment modalities on patient outcomes (Cuijpers et al., 2023). Treatment-resistance also presents a complex issue to be addressed when developing clinical research studies and clinical practice guidelines (Howes et al., 2022). A lack of clarity around concepts such as treatment-resistant depression (TRD) and partially responsive depression (PRD) impedes progress in advancing clinical trial design and practice-based recommendations (Sforzini et al., 2022). Identifying methods to improve trial design and efficiency can provide guidance on addressing some of these issues, especially when exploring novel therapeutic approaches (Correll et al., 2023). Germane to this study is the clinical utility of ketamine infusion as an adjunctive therapy for major depression, based in an Irish mental health service (Gallagher et al., 2022).

Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), as they are traditionally designed and conducted, may not be suitable to address the types of research questions and treatment issues that are specific to provision of mental health care (Chevance et al., 2022; McPherson et al., 2020). Concerns about the methodological shortcomings in mental health trials go back decades (e.g., Hotopf et al., 1997). Methodological limitations can include poor trial recruitment and retention (Chevance et al., 2022; Liu et al., 2018), suboptimal sample size, statistical power and reporting bias (de Vries et al., 2022; Vrljičak Davidović et al., 2022). Significant research waste and implementation gaps also exist, with limited translation of research findings into practice (Kazdin, 2022; Minogue et al., 2022; Yordanov et al., 2015).

One approach to improving trial design, conduct, and recruitment is the use of qualitative methodologies (Hennessy et al., 2018; Kazdin, 2022; Powell et al., 2022; Tan et al., 2022). A Cochrane synthesis of qualitative studies considered factors that influence decision-making regarding trial participation, including the manner in which trial information is communicated to potential participants, how the trial is designed, how participant decision-making may be influenced by others (e.g., recruiters), and how risk-benefit perceptions and communication impact recruitment (Houghton et al., 2020). According to a recent Lancet Psychiatry review, only a relatively few qualitative research studies “have identified the barriers and facilitators for either patient participation in mental health RCTs or participant recruitment by clinicians” (Chevance et al., 2022). Although research has identified both positive and negative impacts of service user engagement in research (Happell et al., 2018; McCabe et al., 2023; Newmark et al., 2020; Russell et al., 2020; Staley et al., 2013), there is a lack of research exploring the impacts of involving mental health service users in the design and conduct of clinical trials. In addition, research is needed to identify strategies on how best to engage clinicians / healthcare professionals in conducting research activities (Yoong et al., 2023).

A promising approach to address this gap, to improve trial design and conduct, and reduce research waste, is the use of Study Within A Trail (SWAT) methodology (Ahmed et al., 2022; Allan et al., 2021; Boxall et al., 2022; Thiblin et al., 2022). A SWAT can be defined as a “self-contained research study that has been embedded within a host trial with the aim of evaluating or exploring alternative ways of delivering or organising a particular trial process” (Treweek et al., 2018). Challenges to implementing SWAT protocols within host trials have been noted, including a lack of funding and understanding about SWAT methodology, perceptions that a SWAT will add to the complexity of an already complex study process, and concerns about the increased burden placed on research participants (Arundel et al., 2023; Clark et al., 2022; Doherty et al., 2022). Additional research is needed to explore the use of SWAT methodology in clinical research generally, and in mental health research specifically.

Study aims and objectives

Currently, there is a lack of research knowledge about the feasibility and utility of using qualitative SWAT methods to explore randomised trial processes in mental health care, and this study aims to address this gap. This qualitative Study Within A Trial (Qual-SWAT) will be embedded in the KARMA-Dep-2 Trial (Ketamine as an Adjunctive Therapy for Major Depression), to address two key methodological questions relating to the design and conduct of trials as part of mental health service provision. The methodological questions proposed arise from the PRioRiTy studies (Prioritising Recruitment / Retention in Randomised Trials), which identified a list of the top ten priority research questions to be addressed concerning recruitment and retention in randomised trials (Brunsdon et al., 2019; Healy et al., 2018). The specific methodological questions guiding the development of this study are as follows:

The purpose of this study is to identify the key barriers and facilitators encountered when participating in a randomised mental health trial, from a patient-participant perspective, and to gain an understanding of how randomised trials can become part of routine mental health care. This study also aims to identify key barriers and enablers to recruitment and retention in mental health trials, from a clinician perspective, in order to guide future delivery, education and research. In addition, the study findings will be fed back to the host trial research team, to provide support for ongoing recruitment and retention within the host trial. A key objective, using both qualitative and SWAT methodology, is to contribute to the rigorous development of a participant-led understanding of the two identified PRioRiTy methodological questions. By exploring the perspectives of patients and healthcare professionals, it may be possible to develop strategies to prevent inefficiency and waste in clinical trials (Gillies et al., 2019).

Ethics

This study will adhere to the Declaration of Helsinki (World Medical Association, 2013). Ethical approval for this study has been granted by the Research Ethics Committee (REC) of St. Patrick’s Mental Health Services (Ref: Protocol 09/20). Participants will be informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any stage without penalty or consequence. As the sample will include psychiatric patients, it is important to acknowledge that they will only be included in this study if they have the ability and capacity to give fully informed consent and are stable. The research team has developed a distress protocol for the conduct of interviews, and this will be strictly adhered to during the conduct of all interviews (Draucker et al., 2009; Pinto et al., 2022; Whitney & Evered, 2022). A period of time will be given to all participants post-interview, to discuss any issues relating to the interview process that may have caused potential distress, and support will be offered if necessary.

Host trial

The host study is a pragmatic, randomised controlled, parallel-group, superiority trial, which is investigating the use of ketamine as an adjunctive therapy for major depression ([KARMA-Dep-2: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04939649; EudraCT 2019-003109-92]; see Gallagher et al., 2022, for pilot trial information).

Study design

This is a qualitative, Study Within A Trial (SWAT), embedded in the KARMA-Dep-2 trial. This qualitative SWAT (Qual-SWAT) is conducted independently from the host trial. This study will use a descriptive qualitative design, relying on purposive sampling. One-to-one semi-structured interviews will be conducted via Voice over Internet Protocol technology (VoIP; Tomás & Bidet, 2023), using Microsoft Teams.

Study participants and procedure

According to a systematic review, a sample size of 9 - 17 interviews is sufficient to achieve saturation, which is a cornerstone of rigour in qualitative research (Hennink & Kaiser, 2022). Three groups of participants will be invited to take part in qualitative interviews (N = 60). These sub-groups include: (1) participants who agree to participate in the host trial (n = 20); (2) participants who are invited to take part in the host trial and decline participation (n = 20); and (3) clinicians and researchers who are associated with work on the host trial (n = 20). To be eligible for inclusion in the Qual-SWAT, participants must be: (1) over the age of 18 years with the ability to give fully informed consent; (2) eligible for participation in the host trial; and (3) a clinician or researcher working on the host trial. Potential patient participants will be excluded from the Qual-SWAT if they are not deemed eligible for the host trial, based on trial exclusion criteria. For details on the host trial inclusion/exclusion criteria, see the trial registration (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04939649). Clinicians and researchers who are not associated with the host trial will be excluded as potential participants in the Qual-SWAT.

Recruitment for the Qual-SWAT will be publicised, using fliers, in two clinical settings across St. Patrick’s Mental Health Services (i.e., St. Patrick’s University Hospital, Dublin, and St. Patrick’s, Lucan). An email invitation regarding the Qual-SWAT participation will be sent to the multidisciplinary team (MDT) and research staff at both clinical sites. The host trial PI / trial co-ordinator will act as gatekeeper, by identifying potential participants and distributing study information packs (i.e., invitation letter, participant information leaflet, and consent form). The host trial consent form will provide an option for participants to agree to future contact for follow-up research studies that may arise from the host trial.

Potential participants will be given a 14-day time-frame, to allow for a period of time to review and consider the study information provided, to ask any questions they have, and to make a fully informed decision with regards to their participation in the study. Following the 14-day period, arrangements will be made to proceed with the research study with those who have indicated an interest in participating. All participants in the Qual-SWAT will be asked by the PI / co-investigator to read and return a signed consent form before undertaking interview.

Interview guide

The interview guide will include questions about the experience of trial recruitment, key issues relating to participation, views on trial conduct, processes, and integration of research into day-to-day care, and views on further research in mental health care settings (Table 1). In addition, observational and field notes will be included during the interview process.

Analysis and rigour

Demographic information will be collected in order to describe sample characteristics. SPSS will be used to manage quantitative data and report on sample descriptive statistics. The Microsoft Teams interviews will be recorded and transcribed verbatim, and then analysed to determine common themes. Thematic analysis will be used to analyse interview data, using a six-stage approach (Braun & Clarke, 2006). This involves listening to recordings, reading and rereading the transcripts, coding the data, categorising the codes and finally developing themes. A computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software package (CAQDAS; e.g. NVivo) will be used to aid qualitative data management and analysis (Clarke et al., 2021; Dalkin et al., 2021; Kalpokas & Radivojevic, 2022). Data analysis will be undertaken by the Qualitative Research and Trials Centre (QUESTS) team, who will familiarise themselves with the data, identify a thematic framework and undertake analysis to produce summary statements explaining the main themes emerging from the data.

Various methods will be used to enhance rigour, based on recommended good practice (Forero et al., 2018; Nowell et al., 2017; Patterson et al., 2023; Yadav, 2022). Data will be sourced from multiple participant groups to capture a range of perspectives and enhance data completeness (i.e., triangulation). NVivo functions (e.g., annotation) will be used to facilitate transparent decision-making processes within and between researchers (i.e., audit trail). Two researchers will complete an independent initial analysis of one transcript, and then discuss, compare and agree on initial themes (i.e., inter-coder reliability). Agreed themes will be discussed by the entire research team to enable ongoing reflexive analysis. The Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research will be used to guide reporting (SRQR; O’Brien et al., 2014).

Data management

This study will operate in accordance with the Data Protection Act (2018), General Data Protection Regulation (2018) and Health Research Regulations (2018) (Clarke et al., 2019; Mee et al., 2021). Participant confidentiality and anonymity will be maintained throughout the research process. Participant coding will occur on recruitment. Data anonymisation will be applied throughout data collection and analysis phases. Code numbers will be applied to all digital audio recordings and transcripts. All electronic data will be password protected and stored securely in accordance with the Data Protection Act (2018).

Dissemination

A knowledge exchange and dissemination plan will be prepared and agreed with the PI of the host trial. In consultation with the Health Research Board (HRB), a written report will be submitted to the HRB. The report will be made available to the host trial team and to research study participants. Findings will be disseminated and presented at national and international conferences, and submitted for publication to a peer-reviewed journal.

Study status

Following substantial COVID-19 and post-pandemic delays in recruitment, interviews are ongoing. The host trial is currently applying for an 18-month, no-cost extension.